Critias

[108e] πάντων δὴ πρῶτον μνησθῶμεν ὅτι τὸ κεφάλαιον ἦν ἐνακισχίλια ἔτη, ἀφ’ οὗ γεγονὼς ἐμηνύθη πόλεμος τοῖς θ’ ὑπὲρ Ἡρακλείας στήλας ἔξω κατοικοῦσιν καὶ τοῖς ἐντὸς πᾶσιν: ὃν δεῖ νῦν διαπεραίνειν. τῶν μὲν οὖν ἥδε ἡ πόλις ἄρξασα καὶ πάντα τὸν πόλεμον διαπολεμήσασα ἐλέγετο, τῶν δ’ οἱ τῆς Ἀτλαντίδος νήσου βασιλῆς, ἣν δὴ Λιβύης καὶ ̓Ασίας μείζω νῆσον οὖσαν ἔφαμεν εἶναί ποτε, νῦν δὲ ὑπὸ σεισμῶν δῦσαν ἄπορον πηλὸν τοῖς ἐνθένδε ἐκπλέουσιν

[108e] “First of all, then, let us recall that the total sum was nine thousand years, since the war that arose was reported between those dwelling outside beyond the Pillars of Heracles and all those within: which it is now necessary to set forth.

Of the one side, this city was said to have taken the lead and to have carried through the whole war; of the other, the kings of the island of Atlantis—an island which, as we said, was once larger than Libya and Asia, but now, having sunk by earthquakes, is an impassable mass of mud for those sailing out from here”

[109a] ἐπὶ τὸ πᾶν πέλαγος, ὥστε μηκέτι πορεύεσθαι, κωλυτὴν παρασχεῖν. τὰ μὲν δὴ πολλὰ ἔθνη βάρβαρα, καὶ ὅσα Ἑλλήνων ἦν γένη τότε, καθ’ ἕκαστα ἡ τοῦ λόγου διέξοδος οἷον ἀνειλλομένη τὸ προστυχὸν ἑκασταχοῦ δηλώσει: τὸ δὲ Ἀθηναίων τε τῶν τότε καὶ τῶν ἐναντίων, οἷς διεπολέμησαν, ἀνάγκη κατ’ ἀρχὰς διελθεῖν πρῶτα, τήν τε δύναμιν ἑκατέρων καὶ τὰς πολιτείας. αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων τὰ τῇδε ἔμπροσθεν προτιμητέον εἰπεῖν.

[109a] “into the pelagos, so that passage is no longer possible, but it provides an obstacle.

The many barbarian peoples, and whatever Greek peoples there were at that time, the course of the account, unfolding as it meets each case, will make clear in due turn; but concerning the Athenians of that time and their opponents, against whom they waged war, it is necessary to go through at the beginning first—the power of each and their constitutions. And of these, those here must be spoken of first.”

[109b] θεοὶ γὰρ ἅπασαν γῆν ποτε κατὰ τοὺς τόπους διελάγχανον–οὐ κατ’ ἔριν: οὐ γὰρ ἂν ὀρθὸν ἔχοι λόγον θεοὺς ἀγνοεῖν τὰ πρέποντα ἑκάστοις αὑτῶν, οὐδ’ αὖ γιγνώσκοντας τὸ μᾶλλον ἄλλοις προσῆκον τοῦτο ἑτέρους αὑτοῖς δι’ ἐρίδων ἐπιχειρεῖν κτᾶσθαι–δίκης δὴ κλήροις τὸ φίλον λαγχάνοντες κατῴκιζον τὰς χώρας, καὶ κατοικίσαντες, οἷον νομῆς ποίμνια, κτήματα καὶ θρέμματα ἑαυτῶν ἡμᾶς ἔτρεφον, πλὴν οὐ σώμασι

[109b] “For the gods once apportioned the whole earth among themselves according to regions—not by strife; for it would not be reasonable that the gods should be ignorant of what is fitting for each of them, nor again that, knowing what was more appropriate to others, they should attempt to acquire it for themselves through contention—but by just allotments each receiving what was dear to him, they settled their lands, and having settled them, like shepherds tending flocks, they reared us as their own possessions and creatures, though not by compulsion of bodies,”

[109c] σώματα βιαζόμενοι, καθάπερ ποιμένες κτήνη πληγῇ νέμοντες, ἀλλ’ ᾗ μάλιστα εὔστροφον ζῷον, ἐκ πρύμνης ἀπευθύνοντες, οἷον οἴακι πειθοῖ ψυχῆς ἐφαπτόμενοι κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν διάνοιαν, οὕτως ἄγοντες τὸ θνητὸν πᾶν ἐκυβέρνων. ἄλλοι μὲν οὖν κατ’ ἄλλους τόπους κληρουχήσαντες θεῶν ἐκεῖνα ἐκόσμουν, Ἥφαιστος δὲ κοινὴν καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ φύσιν ἔχοντες, ἅμα μὲν ἀδελφὴν ἐκ ταὐτοῦ πατρός, ἅμα δὲ φιλοσοφίᾳ φιλοτεχνίᾳ τε ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐλθόντες, οὕτω μίαν ἄμφω λῆξιν τήνδε τὴν χώραν εἰλήχατον ὡς οἰκείαν καὶ πρόσφορον ἀρετῇ

[109c] “forcing body upon body, as shepherds drive cattle by blows, but rather, since man is the most tractable of living beings, guiding him from the stern, as it were with a rudder, by laying hold of the soul through persuasion according to their own intention—thus directing all mortal life they governed. And so, different gods, having taken their allotments in different regions, ordered those places; but Hephaestus and Athena, having a common nature, both as siblings from the same father and as sharing in philosophy and craftsmanship toward the same ends, thus received this land as a single allotment, as their own and suited to virtue”

[109d] καὶ φρονήσει πεφυκυῖαν, ἄνδρας δὲ ἀγαθοὺς ἐμποιήσαντες αὐτόχθονας ἐπὶ νοῦν ἔθεσαν τὴν τῆς πολιτείας τάξιν: ὧν τὰ μὲν ὀνόματα σέσωται, τὰ δὲ ἔργα διὰ τὰς τῶν παραλαμβανόντων φθορὰς καὶ τὰ μήκη τῶν χρόνων ἠφανίσθη. τὸ γὰρ περιλειπόμενον ἀεὶ γένος, ὥσπερ καὶ πρόσθεν ἐρρήθη, κατελείπετο ὄρειον καὶ ἀγράμματον, τῶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ δυναστῶν τὰ ὀνόματα ἀκηκοὸς μόνον καὶ βραχέα πρὸς αὐτοῖς τῶν ἔργων. τὰ μὲν οὖν ὀνόματα τοῖς ἐκγόνοις ἐτίθεντο

[109d] “and wisdom by its nature; and having produced good men, born of the soil, they set in their minds the ordering of the constitution. Of these men, the names have been preserved, but their deeds have disappeared through the destruction of those who received the tradition and through the length of time. For the race that remained, as was said before, was always left as a mountain-dwelling and unlettered people, having heard only the names of the rulers in the land, and little besides of their deeds. These names they gave to their descendants”

[109e] ἀγαπῶντες, τὰς δὲ ἀρετὰς καὶ τοὺς νόμους τῶν ἔμπροσθεν οὐκ εἰδότες, εἰ μὴ σκοτεινὰς περὶ ἑκάστων τινὰς ἀκοάς, ἐν ἀπορίᾳ δὲ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεὰς ὄντες αὐτοὶ

[109e] “These names they gave to their descendants because they cherished them,
but the virtues and the laws of the earlier men they did not know, except for some obscure reports about each of them;
and being themselves for many generations in want of the necessities of life,”

[110a] καὶ παῖδες, πρὸς οἷς ἠπόρουν τὸν νοῦν ἔχοντες, τούτων πέρι καὶ τοὺς λόγους ποιούμενοι, τῶν ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν καὶ πάλαι ποτὲ γεγονότων ἠμέλουν. μυθολογία γὰρ ἀναζήτησίς τε τῶν παλαιῶν μετὰ σχολῆς ἅμ’ ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις ἔρχεσθον, ὅταν ἴδητόν τισιν ἤδη τοῦ βίου τἀναγκαῖα κατεσκευασμένα, πρὶν δὲ οὔ. ταύτῃ δὴ τὰ τῶν παλαιῶν ὀνόματα ἄνευ τῶν ἔργων διασέσωται. λέγω δὲ αὐτὰ τεκμαιρόμενος ὅτι Κέκροπός τε καὶ Ἐρεχθέως καὶ Ἐριχθονίου καὶ Ἐρυσίχθονος

[110a] “both they and their children directed their minds to the things they lacked and spoke about these matters, while they neglected the events that had happened long ago in former times.
For mythology and the investigation of ancient things come into cities together with leisure, when people see that the necessities of life have already been secured for them — but not before.
In this way the names of the ancient men were preserved without their deeds.
I say this because I infer it from the fact that the names Cecrops, Erechtheus, Erichthonius, and Erysichthon”

[110b] τῶν τε ἄλλων τὰ πλεῖστα ὅσαπερ καὶ Θησέως τῶν ἄνω περὶ τῶν ὀνομάτων ἑκάστων ἀπομνημονεύεται, τούτων ἐκείνους τὰ πολλὰ ἐπονομάζοντας τοὺς ἱερέας Σόλων ἔφη τὸν τότε διηγεῖσθαι πόλεμον, καὶ τὰ τῶν γυναικῶν κατὰ τὰ αὐτά. καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ τῆς θεοῦ σχῆμα καὶ ἄγαλμα, ὡς κοινὰ τότ’ ἦν τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ταῖς τε γυναιξὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀνδράσι τὰ περὶ τὸν πόλεμον, οὕτω κατ’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν νόμον ὡπλισμένην τὴν θεὸν ἀνάθημα εἶναι τοῖς τότε, ἔνδειγμα ὅτι πάνθ’

[110b] “And most of the other names which are remembered from ancient times — such as those before the time of Theseus — the priests said that the men of that earlier age bore these names.
Solon said that the Egyptian priests related the war that took place at that time using those same names, and likewise the matters concerning the women.
And indeed even the form and statue of the goddess showed this: since at that time the pursuits connected with war were common both to women and to men, according to that ancient law the goddess was depicted armed — a dedication by the people of that age — as a sign that”

[110c] ὅσα σύννομα ζῷα θήλεα καὶ ὅσα ἄρρενα, τὴν προσήκουσαν ἀρετὴν ἑκάστῳ γένει πᾶν κοινῇ δυνατὸν ἐπιτηδεύειν πέφυκεν. ὤικει δὲ δὴ τότ’ ἐν τῇδε τῇ χώρᾳ τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ἔθνη τῶν πολιτῶν περὶ τὰς δημιουργίας ὄντα καὶ τὴν ἐκ τῆς γῆς τροφήν, τὸ δὲ μάχιμον ὑπ’ ἀνδρῶν θείων κατ’ ἀρχὰς ἀφορισθὲν ᾤκει χωρίς, πάντα εἰς τροφὴν καὶ παίδευσιν τὰ προσήκοντα ἔχον, ἴδιον μὲν αὐτῶν οὐδεὶς οὐδὲν κεκτημένος,

[110c] “among all living creatures that live according to law, both female and male, the appropriate virtue for each kind is naturally capable of being practiced in common by all.
And at that time in this land the other classes of citizens lived occupied with crafts and with obtaining nourishment from the earth; but the warrior class, separated off at the beginning by divine men, lived apart.
They possessed everything necessary for nourishment and education; none of them owned any private property,”

[110d] ἅπαντα δὲ πάντων κοινὰ νομίζοντες αὑτῶν, πέρα δὲ ἱκανῆς τροφῆς οὐδὲν ἀξιοῦντες παρὰ τῶν ἄλλων δέχεσθαι πολιτῶν, καὶ πάντα δὴ τὰ χθὲς λεχθέντα ἐπιτηδεύματα ἐπιτηδεύοντες, ὅσα περὶ τῶν ὑποτεθέντων ἐρρήθη φυλάκων. καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ περὶ τῆς χώρας ἡμῶν πιθανὸν καὶ ἀληθὲς ἐλέγετο, πρῶτον μὲν τοὺς ὅρους αὐτὴν ἐν τῷ τότ’ ἔχειν ἀφωρισμένους πρὸς τὸν Ἰσθμὸν καὶ τὸ κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην ἤπειρον μέχρι τοῦ

[110d] “but they regarded all things as belonging in common among them; and beyond sufficient food they did not think it right to receive anything from the other citizens.
And they practiced all the pursuits that were described yesterday concerning the guardians who had been proposed.
And what was said about our land was both plausible and true: first, that at that time its boundaries were fixed as extending to the Isthmus of Corinth, and on the side toward the rest of the continent as far as the”

[110e] Κιθαιρῶνος καὶ Πάρνηθος τῶν ἄκρων, καταβαίνειν δὲ τοὺς ὅρους ἐν δεξιᾷ τὴν Ὠροπίαν ἔχοντας, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ πρὸς θαλάττης ἀφορίζοντας τὸν Ἀσωπόν: ἀρετῇ δὲ πᾶσαν γῆν ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνθάδε ὑπερβάλλεσθαι, διὸ καὶ δυνατὴν εἶναι τότε τρέφειν τὴν χώραν στρατόπεδον πολὺ τῶν περὶ γῆν ἀργὸν ἔργων. μέγα δὲ τεκμήριον ἀρετῆς: τὸ γὰρ νῦν αὐτῆς λείψανον ἐνάμιλλόν ἐστι πρὸς ἡντινοῦν τῷ πάμφορον εὔκαρπόν

[110e] “as far as the peaks of Mount Cithaeron and Mount Parnes;
and the boundaries descended, keeping the district of Oropia on the right, and on the left running down toward the thalassa, marking off the river Asopus River.
In fertility the whole land here surpassed every other land; for this reason the country was then able to support a large army that was free from the labours of farming.

And there is great evidence of its excellence: for the remnant that now remains rivals any land in being most fertile in crops”

[111a] τε εἶναι καὶ τοῖς ζῴοις πᾶσιν εὔβοτον. τότε δὲ πρὸς τῷ κάλλει καὶ παμπλήθη ταῦτα ἔφερεν. πῶς οὖν δὴ τοῦτο πιστόν, καὶ κατὰ τί λείψανον τῆς τότε γῆς ὀρθῶς ἂν λέγοιτο; πᾶσα ἀπὸ τῆς ἄλλης ἠπείρου μακρὰ προτείνουσα εἰς τὸ πέλαγος οἷον ἄκρα κεῖται: τὸ δὴ τῆς θαλάττης ἀγγεῖον περὶ αὐτὴν τυγχάνει πᾶν ἀγχιβαθὲς ὄν. πολλῶν οὖν γεγονότων καὶ μεγάλων κατακλυσμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἐνακισχιλίοις ἔτεσι–τοσαῦτα γὰρ πρὸς τὸν νῦν ἀπ’ ἐκείνου τοῦ χρόνου

[111a] “and most suitable for grazing all kinds of animals.
But at that time, besides its beauty, it produced these things in great abundance.
How then is this credible, and in what sense could the present land rightly be called a remnant of the land of that time?
The whole region lies stretching far out from the rest of the continent into the thalassa like a promontory; and the basin of the thalassa around it happens to be everywhere deep close to the shore.

Since many great floods have occurred during the nine thousand years—for that is the number of years which have passed from that time to the present—”

[111b] γέγονεν ἔτη–τὸ τῆς γῆς ἐν τούτοις τοῖς χρόνοις καὶ πάθεσιν ἐκ τῶν ὑψηλῶν ἀπορρέον οὔτε χῶμα, ὡς ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις, προχοῖ λόγου ἄξιον ἀεί τε κύκλῳ περιρρέον εἰς βάθος ἀφανίζεται: λέλειπται δή, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς σμικραῖς νήσοις, πρὸς τὰ τότε τὰ νῦν οἷον νοσήσαντος σώματος ὀστᾶ, περιερρυηκυίας τῆς γῆς ὅση πίειρα καὶ μαλακή, τοῦ λεπτοῦ σώματος τῆς χώρας μόνου λειφθέντος. τότε δὲ ἀκέραιος

[111b] “the soil which has washed down from the high places during these ages and disasters has not, as in other regions, accumulated into a mass worth mentioning; instead it has continually flowed around and disappeared into the depths.
What remains now, compared with what then existed, is like the skeleton of a body wasted by disease: all the rich and soft soil having been washed away, and only the thin framework of the land left behind.
But in those days the land was still intact”

[111c] οὖσα τά τε ὄρη γηλόφους ὑψηλοὺς εἶχε, καὶ τὰ φελλέως νῦν ὀνομασθέντα πεδία πλήρη γῆς πιείρας ἐκέκτητο, καὶ πολλὴν ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ὕλην εἶχεν, ἧς καὶ νῦν ἔτι φανερὰ τεκμήρια: τῶν γὰρ ὀρῶν ἔστιν ἃ νῦν μὲν ἔχει μελίτταις μόναις τροφήν, χρόνος δ’ οὐ πάμπολυς ὅτε δένδρων †αὐτόθεν εἰς οἰκοδομήσεις τὰς μεγίστας ἐρεψίμων τμηθέντων στεγάσματ’ ἐστὶν ἔτι σᾶ. πολλὰ δ’ ἦν ἄλλ’ ἥμερα ὑψηλὰ δένδρα, νομὴν δὲ βοσκήμασιν ἀμήχανον ἔφερεν. καὶ δὴ καὶ

[111c] “In those days the mountains had high hills of earth upon them, and the plains now called the “fields of Phelleus” possessed deep rich soil; and there was much forest in the mountains, of which even now there remain visible proofs.
For there are some mountains which now provide food only for bees, yet it was not very long ago that trees from those very places were cut for the greatest buildings, and the roofs made from them still remain sound.
There were also many other tall cultivated trees, and the land produced limitless pasture for livestock.”

[111d] τὸ κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ὕδωρ ἐκαρποῦτ’ ἐκ Διός, οὐχ ὡς νῦν ἀπολλῦσα ῥέον ἀπὸ ψιλῆς τῆς γῆς εἰς θάλατταν, ἀλλὰ πολλὴν ἔχουσα καὶ εἰς αὐτὴν καταδεχομένη, τῇ κεραμίδι στεγούσῃ γῇ διαταμιευομένη, τὸ καταποθὲν ἐκ τῶν ὑψηλῶν ὕδωρ εἰς τὰ κοῖλα ἀφιεῖσα κατὰ πάντας τοὺς τόπους παρείχετο ἄφθονα κρηνῶν καὶ ποταμῶν νάματα, ὧν καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐπὶ ταῖς πηγαῖς πρότερον οὔσαις ἱερὰ λελειμμένα ἐστὶν σημεῖα ὅτι περὶ αὐτῆς ἀληθῆ λέγεται τὰ νῦν.

[111d] “And the yearly water, the gift of Zeus, was harvested by the land, not as now where it is lost, flowing off the bare earth into the thalassa,
but the soil held it in abundance and received it into itself.
Stored up in the earth as if beneath a roof of pottery, it released the water that had been absorbed from the high ground into the hollows, distributing it everywhere and providing abundant springs and rivers.
Even today there remain sacred shrines at the sites of former springs, signs that what is now said about the land is true.”

[111e] τὰ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἄλλης χώρας φύσει τε οὕτως εἶχε, καὶ διεκεκόσμητο ὡς εἰκὸς ὑπὸ γεωργῶν μὲν ἀληθινῶν καὶ πραττόντων αὐτὸ τοῦτο, φιλοκάλων δὲ καὶ εὐφυῶν, γῆν δὲ ἀρίστην καὶ ὕδωρ ἀφθονώτατον ἐχόντων καὶ ὑπὲρ τῆς γῆς ὥρας μετριώτατα κεκραμένας: τὸ δ’ ἄστυ κατῳκισμένον ὧδ’ ἦν ἐν τῷ τότε χρόνῳ. πρῶτον μὲν τὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως εἶχε

[111e] “Such, then, was the natural condition of the rest of the land; and it had been properly ordered by true farmers who practiced agriculture itself — men who loved beauty and possessed natural ability.
They had the best soil, the most abundant water, and a climate above the land that was most temperate in its seasons.
The city itself at that time was arranged as follows.”

[112a] τότε οὐχ ὡς τὰ νῦν ἔχει. νῦν μὲν γὰρ μία γενομένη νὺξ ὑγρὰ διαφερόντως γῆς αὐτὴν ψιλὴν περιτήξασα πεποίηκε, σεισμῶν ἅμα καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἐπὶ Δευκαλίωνος φθορᾶς τρίτου πρότερον ὕδατος ἐξαισίου γενομένου: τὸ δὲ πρὶν ἐν ἑτέρῳ χρόνῳ μέγεθος μὲν ἦν πρὸς τὸν Ἠριδανὸν καὶ τὸν Ἰλισὸν ἀποβεβηκυῖα καὶ περιειληφυῖα ἐντὸς τὴν Πύκνα καὶ τὸν Λυκαβηττὸν ὅρον ἐκ τοῦ καταντικρὺ τῆς Πυκνὸς ἔχουσα, γεώδης δ’ ἦν πᾶσα καὶ πλὴν ὀλίγον ἐπίπεδος ἄνωθεν.

[112a] “First, the Acropolis of Athens was not as it is now.
For now a single night of extraordinary rain washed away the soil and left it bare, accompanied by earthquakes and an extraordinary flood occurring before the destruction in the time of Deucalion.
But formerly, in another age, its size extended as far as the rivers Eridanus River and Ilissus River, enclosing within it the hill of Pnyx, and having as its boundary Mount Lycabettus opposite the Pnyx.
The whole area was composed of earth and was level on top, except for a small portion.”

[112b] ᾠκεῖτο δὲ τὰ μὲν ἔξωθεν, ὑπ’ αὐτὰ τὰ πλάγια αὐτῆς, ὑπὸ τῶν δημιουργῶν καὶ τῶν γεωργῶν ὅσοι πλησίον ἐγεώργουν: τὰ δ’ ἐπάνω τὸ μάχιμον αὐτὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ μόνον γένος περὶ τὸ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς Ἡφαίστου τε ἱερὸν κατῳκήκειν, οἷον μιᾶς οἰκίας κῆπον ἑνὶ περιβόλῳ προσπεριβεβλημένοι. τὰ γὰρ πρόσβορρα αὐτῆς ᾤκουν οἰκίας κοινὰς καὶ συσσίτια χειμερινὰ κατασκευασάμενοι, καὶ πάντα ὅσα πρέποντ’ ἦν τῇ κοινῇ

[112b] “The outer parts, beneath the slopes of the hill, were inhabited by craftsmen and by the farmers who cultivated the nearby land.
But the upper part was inhabited solely by the warrior class itself, dwelling around the sanctuary of Athena and Hephaestus, as though they were surrounding the garden of a single house with one enclosing wall.

On the northern side they lived in common houses and had constructed winter dining halls, and everything that was necessary for their common civic order through buildings both for themselves and for their sacred places.”

[112c] πολιτείᾳ δι’ οἰκοδομήσεων ὑπάρχειν αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν, ἄνευ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου–τούτοις γὰρ οὐδὲν οὐδαμόσε προσεχρῶντο, ἀλλὰ τὸ μέσον ὑπερηφανίας καὶ ἀνελευθερίας μεταδιώκοντες κοσμίας ᾠκοδομοῦντο οἰκήσεις, ἐν αἷς αὐτοί τε καὶ ἐκγόνων ἔκγονοι καταγηρῶντες ἄλλοις ὁμοίοις τὰς αὐτὰς ἀεὶ παρεδίδοσαν–τὰ δὲ πρὸς νότου, κήπους καὶ γυμνάσια συσσίτιά τε ἀνέντες οἷα θέρους, κατεχρῶντο ἐπὶ ταῦτα αὐτοῖς. κρήνη δ’ ἦν μία κατὰ τὸν τῆς νῦν ἀκροπόλεως τόπον, ἧς

[112c] “These were built without gold or silver—for they made no use of such things anywhere—but pursuing a middle course between arrogance and servility, they built orderly dwellings.
In these houses they themselves grew old, and the children of their descendants, passing them on unchanged, continually handed them down to others like themselves.

On the southern side they had gardens, gymnasia, and dining halls which they abandoned during winter but used during summer.”

[112d] ἀποσβεσθείσης ὑπὸ τῶν σεισμῶν τὰ νῦν νάματα μικρὰ κύκλῳ καταλέλειπται, τοῖς δὲ τότε πᾶσιν παρεῖχεν ἄφθονον ῥεῦμα, εὐκρὰς οὖσα πρὸς χειμῶνά τε καὶ θέρος. τούτῳ δὴ κατῴκουν τῷ σχήματι, τῶν μὲν αὑτῶν πολιτῶν φύλακες, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ἡγεμόνες ἑκόντων, πλῆθος δὲ διαφυλάττοντες ὅτι μάλιστα ταὐτὸν αὑτῶν εἶναι πρὸς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν, τὸ δυνατὸν πολεμεῖν ἤδη καὶ τὸ ἔτι, περὶ δύο

[112d] “There was also a single spring on the site where the present Acropolis of Athens now stands.
When it was cut off by earthquakes, only small streams remain today flowing around it; but for the people of that time it provided abundant water, being well-tempered both for winter and summer.

In this manner they lived: guardians of their own citizens, and leaders of the other Greeks who followed them willingly.
And they maintained as constant as possible throughout time the same number of men and women capable of bearing arms—both those already of fighting age and those who would be so in the future—amounting to about”

[112e] μάλιστα ὄντας μυριάδας. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν δὴ τοιοῦτοί τε ὄντες αὐτοὶ καί τινα τοιοῦτον ἀεὶ τρόπον τήν τε αὑτῶν καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα δίκῃ διοικοῦντες, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν Εὐρώπην καὶ Ἀσίαν κατά τε σωμάτων κάλλη καὶ κατὰ τὴν τῶν ψυχῶν παντοίαν ἀρετὴν ἐλλόγιμοί τε ἦσαν καὶ ὀνομαστότατοι πάντων τῶν τότε: τὰ δὲ δὴ τῶν ἀντιπολεμησάντων αὐτοῖς οἷα ἦν ὥς τε ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἐγένετο, μνήμης ἂν μὴ στερηθῶμεν ὧν ἔτι παῖδες ὄντες ἠκούσαμεν, εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτὰ νῦν ἀποδώσομεν ὑμῖν τοῖς φίλοις εἶναι κοινά.

[112e] “numbering about twenty thousand at most.
Such then were these men themselves, and in such a manner they continually governed both their own land and Greece with justice.
Because of the beauty of their bodies and the complete excellence of their souls, they were renowned and most celebrated among all the peoples of that time throughout Europe and Asia.

And now, if we have not forgotten what we heard when we were still children about those who fought against them and what kind of people they were and how their power arose from the beginning, we will now recount these things before you, our friends, so that they may be shared in common.”

[113a] τὸ δ’ ἔτι βραχὺ πρὸ τοῦ λόγου δεῖ δηλῶσαι, μὴ πολλάκις ἀκούοντες Ἑλληνικὰ βαρβάρων ἀνδρῶν ὀνόματα θαυμάζητε: τὸ γὰρ αἴτιον αὐτῶν πεύσεσθε. Σόλων, ἅτ’ ἐπινοῶν εἰς τὴν αὑτοῦ ποίησιν καταχρήσασθαι τῷ λόγῳ, διαπυνθανόμενος τὴν τῶν ὀνομάτων δύναμιν, ηὗρεν τούς τε Αἰγυπτίους τοὺς πρώτους ἐκείνους αὐτὰ γραψαμένους εἰς τὴν αὑτῶν φωνὴν μετενηνοχότας, αὐτός τε αὖ πάλιν ἑκάστου τὴν διάνοιαν ὀνόματος

[113a] “But before the story proceeds further, one small matter must still be explained, so that you will not be surprised if you hear Greek names applied to men who were barbarians.
You will learn the reason for this.

Solon, when he intended to make use of the story in his own poetry, investigated the meaning of the names and discovered that the Egyptians who first recorded them had translated them into their own language; and he himself, in turn, taking up the sense of each name, wrote them down again in our own language.”

[113b] ἀναλαμβάνων εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν ἄγων φωνὴν ἀπεγράφετο: καὶ ταῦτά γε δὴ τὰ γράμματα παρὰ τῷ πάππῳ τ’ ἦν καὶ ἔτ’ ἐστὶν παρ’ ἐμοὶ νῦν, διαμεμελέτηταί τε ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ παιδὸς ὄντος. ἂν οὖν ἀκούητε τοιαῦτα οἷα καὶ τῇδε ὀνόματα, μηδὲν ὑμῖν ἔστω θαῦμα: τὸ γὰρ αἴτιον αὐτῶν ἔχετε. μακροῦ δὲ δὴ λόγου τοιάδε τις ἦν ἀρχὴ τότε. καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐλέχθη περὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν λήξεως, ὅτι κατενείμαντο γῆν πᾶσαν ἔνθα μὲν μείζους

[113b] “These writings were in the possession of my grandfather, and they are still with me now; and I studied them carefully when I was a child.

Therefore, if you hear names such as are used here, do not be surprised—you now know the reason for them.

The beginning of this long story was something like this:

As was said earlier concerning the allotment of the gods—that they divided the whole earth among themselves, some in larger portions”

[113c] λήξεις, ἔνθα δὲ καὶ ἐλάττους, ἱερὰ θυσίας τε αὑτοῖς κατασκευάζοντες, οὕτω δὴ καὶ τὴν νῆσον Ποσειδῶν τὴν Ἀτλαντίδα λαχὼν ἐκγόνους αὑτοῦ κατῴκισεν ἐκ θνητῆς γυναικὸς γεννήσας ἔν τινι τόπῳ τοιῷδε τῆς νήσου. πρὸς θαλάττης μέν, κατὰ δὲ μέσον πάσης πεδίον ἦν, ὃ δὴ πάντων πεδίων κάλλιστον ἀρετῇ τε ἱκανὸν γενέσθαι λέγεται, πρὸς τῷ πεδίῳ δὲ αὖ κατὰ μέσον σταδίους ὡς πεντήκοντα ἀφεστὸς ἦν ὄρος βραχὺ πάντῃ. τούτῳ δ’ ἦν ἔνοικος τῶν ἐκεῖ κατὰ ἀρχὰς ἐκ

[113c] “allotments, and in some places smaller ones, constructing for themselves temples and sacrifices; and so Poseidon*, having obtained the island Atlantis as his lot, settled there his own offspring, having begotten them from a mortal woman, in a place of the island such as this. Near the rhalassa, and in the middle of the whole island, there was a plain, which is said to have been the most beautiful of all plains and sufficient in excellence; and near the plain again, in the middle, at a distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain, small on all sides. On this mountain there dwelt one of the men originally sprung from the earth in that region,”

* Plato has just cautioned that the Greek names used in the account are translations from Egyptian originals. The identification of Poseidon may therefore reflect a Greek interpretive substitution, and the original figure could have corresponded to a different, possibly more primordial, water deity (e.g. Oceanus).

[113d] γῆς ἀνδρῶν γεγονότων Εὐήνωρ μὲν ὄνομα, γυναικὶ δὲ συνοικῶν Λευκίππῃ: Κλειτὼ δὲ μονογενῆ θυγατέρα ἐγεννησάσθην. ἤδη δ’ εἰς ἀνδρὸς ὥραν ἡκούσης τῆς κόρης ἥ τε μήτηρ τελευτᾷ καὶ ὁ πατήρ, αὐτῆς δὲ εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν Ποσειδῶν ἐλθὼν συμμείγνυται, καὶ τὸν γήλοφον, ἐν ᾧ κατῴκιστο, ποιῶν εὐερκῆ περιρρήγνυσιν κύκλῳ, θαλάττης γῆς τε ἐναλλὰξ ἐλάττους μείζους τε περὶ ἀλλήλους ποιῶν τροχούς, δύο μὲν γῆς, θαλάττης δὲ τρεῖς οἷον τορνεύων ἐκ μέσης τῆς νήσου,

[113d] “whose name was Evenor, living with his wife Leucippe; and they had one only daughter, Cleito. When the maiden had already come to marriageable age, her mother died and her father also, and Poseidon, having conceived desire for her, came together with her; and making the hill on which she dwelt secure, he broke it off all around, forming rings alternately of thalassa and land, smaller and larger, around one another—two of land and three of thalassa—as though turning them on a lathe from the centre of the island,”

[113e] πάντῃ ἴσον ἀφεστῶτας, ὥστε ἄβατον ἀνθρώποις εἶναι: πλοῖα γὰρ καὶ τὸ πλεῖν οὔπω τότε ἦν. αὐτὸς δὲ τήν τε ἐν μέσῳ νῆσον οἷα δὴ θεὸς εὐμαρῶς διεκόσμησεν, ὕδατα μὲν διττὰ ὑπὸ γῆς ἄνω πηγαῖα κομίσας, τὸ μὲν θερμόν, ψυχρὸν δὲ ἐκ κρήνης ἀπορρέον ἕτερον, τροφὴν δὲ παντοίαν καὶ ἱκανὴν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἀναδιδούς. παίδων δὲ ἀρρένων πέντε γενέσεις διδύμους γεννησάμενος ἐθρέψατο, καὶ τὴν νῆσον τὴν Ἀτλαντίδα πᾶσαν δέκα μέρη κατανείμας τῶν μὲν πρεσβυτάτων τῷ προτέρῳ

[113e] “equally distant everywhere, so that it was inaccessible to men; for ships and sailing did not yet exist. And he himself, as a god, easily arranged the island in the middle, bringing up from beneath the earth two springs of water, one warm and the other cold flowing from a source, and producing from the earth all kinds of nourishment sufficient in abundance. And having begotten and reared five pairs of male twin sons, he divided the whole island of Atlantis into ten parts, and to the eldest of the first pair.”

[114a] γενομένῳ τήν τε μητρῴαν οἴκησιν καὶ τὴν κύκλῳ λῆξιν, πλείστην καὶ ἀρίστην οὖσαν, ἀπένειμε, βασιλέα τε τῶν ἄλλων κατέστησε, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἄρχοντας, ἑκάστῳ δὲ ἀρχὴν πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τόπον πολλῆς χώρας ἔδωκεν. ὀνόματα δὲ πᾶσιν ἔθετο, τῷ μὲν πρεσβυτάτῳ καὶ βασιλεῖ τοῦτο οὗ δὴ καὶ πᾶσα ἡ νῆσος τό τε πέλαγος ἔσχεν ἐπωνυμίαν, Ἀτλαντικὸν λεχθέν, ὅτι τοὔνομ’ ἦν τῷ πρώτῳ βασιλεύσαντι

[114a] “to him who had been born first he assigned both his mother’s dwelling and the allotment around it, which was the largest and best, and he established him as king over the others; and the others he made rulers, and to each he gave authority over many people and a great extent of land. And he gave names to them all; to the eldest and king he gave that name from which both the whole island and the pelagos took their appellation, being called Atlantic, because the name of the first king who then ruled was Atlas;”

[114b] τότε Ἄτλας: τῷ δὲ διδύμῳ μετ’ ἐκεῖνόν τε γενομένῳ, λῆξιν δὲ ἄκρας τῆς νήσου πρὸς Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν εἰληχότι ἐπὶ τὸ τῆς Γαδειρικῆς νῦν χώρας κατ’ ἐκεῖνον τὸν τόπον ὀνομαζομένης, Ἑλληνιστὶ μὲν Εὔμηλον, τὸ δ’ ἐπιχώριον Γάδειρον, ὅπερ τ’ ἦν ἐπίκλην ταύτῃ ὄνομ’ ἂ παράσχοι. τοῖν δὲ δευτέροιν γενομένοιν τὸν μὲν Ἀμφήρη, τὸν δὲ Εὐαίμονα ἐκάλεσεν: τρίτοις δέ, Μνησέα μὲν τῷ προτέρῳ γενομένῳ,

[114b] “and to his twin, who was born after him and had obtained as his allotment the extremity of the island toward the Pillars of Heracles, facing the region now called, in that place, the land of Gadeirus, he gave in Greek the name Eumelus, but in the native tongue Gadeirus, which would have given its name to that region. And of the second pair he named the one Ampheres and the other Evaemon; and of the third, to the one born first Mnesaeus,”

[114c] τῷ δὲ μετὰ τοῦτον Αὐτόχθονα: τῶν δὲ τετάρτων Ἐλάσσιπον μὲν τὸν πρότερον, Μήστορα δὲ τὸν ὕστερον: ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς πέμπτοις τῷ μὲν ἔμπροσθεν Ἀζάης ὄνομα ἐτέθη, τῷ δ’ ὑστέρῳ Διαπρέπης. οὗτοι δὴ πάντες αὐτοί τε καὶ ἔκγονοι τούτων ἐπὶ γενεὰς πολλὰς ᾤκουν ἄρχοντες μὲν πολλῶν ἄλλων κατὰ τὸ πέλαγος νήσων, ἔτι δέ, ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον ἐρρήθη, μέχρι τε Αἰγύπτου καὶ Τυρρηνίας τῶν ἐντὸς δεῦρο ἐπάρχοντες.

[114c] “and to the one after him Autochthon; and of the fourth, Elasippus to the first, and Mestor to the latter; and of the fifth, he gave to the one born first the name Azaes, and to the latter Diaprepes. All these, then, both they themselves and their descendants for many generations dwelt there, ruling over many other islands in the pelagos, and moreover, as was said before, holding sway even as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia of the lands within.”

[114d] Ἄτλαντος δὴ πολὺ μὲν ἄλλο καὶ τίμιον γίγνεται γένος, βασιλεὺς δὲ ὁ πρεσβύτατος ἀεὶ τῷ πρεσβυτάτῳ τῶν ἐκγόνων παραδιδοὺς ἐπὶ γενεὰς πολλὰς τὴν βασιλείαν διέσῳζον, πλοῦτον μὲν κεκτημένοι πλήθει τοσοῦτον, ὅσος οὔτε πω πρόσθεν ἐν δυναστείαις τισὶν βασιλέων γέγονεν οὔτε ποτὲ ὕστερον γενέσθαι ῥᾴδιος, κατεσκευασμένα δὲ πάντ’ ἦν αὐτοῖς ὅσα ἐν πόλει καὶ ὅσα κατὰ τὴν ἄλλην χώραν ἦν ἔργον κατασκευάσασθαι. πολλὰ μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοῖς προσῄειν

[114d] “From Atlas, then, there came to be a numerous and honoured lineage; and the eldest king always handed down the kingship to the eldest of his descendants, and so preserved it through many generations, possessing wealth in such abundance as had never before existed among any dynasties of kings nor is it ever likely easily to exist again; and everything had been constructed for them, both in the city and throughout the rest of the land, so far as it was possible to accomplish by construction. For many things came to them from outside because of their rule,”

[114e] ἔξωθεν, πλεῖστα δὲ ἡ νῆσος αὐτὴ παρείχετο εἰς τὰς τοῦ βίου κατασκευάς, πρῶτον μὲν ὅσα ὑπὸ μεταλλείας ὀρυττόμενα στερεὰ καὶ ὅσα τηκτὰ γέγονε, καὶ τὸ νῦν ὀνομαζόμενον μόνον–τότε δὲ πλέον ὀνόματος ἦν τὸ γένος ἐκ γῆς ὀρυττόμενον ὀρειχάλκου κατὰ τόπους πολλοὺς τῆς νήσου, πλὴν χρυσοῦ τιμιώτατον ἐν τοῖς τότε ὄν–καὶ ὅσα ὕλη πρὸς τὰ τεκτόνων διαπονήματα παρέχεται, πάντα φέρουσα ἄφθονα, τά τε αὖ περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱκανῶς ἥμερα καὶ ἄγρια τρέφουσα. καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐλεφάντων ἦν ἐν αὐτῇ γένος πλεῖστον: νομὴ γὰρ τοῖς τε ἄλλοις ζῴοις, ὅσα καθ’ ἕλη καὶ λίμνας καὶ ποταμούς, ὅσα

[114e] “but most things the island itself provided for the needs of life: first, whatever is mined from the earth, both solid and fusible metals—and that which is now only named, but was then more than a name, the race of orichalcum, mined from the earth in many places on the island, second only to gold among the metals of that time—and whatever timber is supplied for the works of carpenters, it bore all in abundance; and likewise it sufficiently supported animals, both tame and wild. And there was also on it a very great number of elephants; for there was ample pasture for all animals, both those that feed in marshes and lakes and rivers, and those that feed in the mountains and those in the plains, and likewise for this animal, which is by nature the largest and most voracious.”

[115a] τ’ αὖ κατ’ ὄρη καὶ ὅσα ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις νέμεται, σύμπασιν παρῆν ἅδην, καὶ τούτῳ κατὰ ταὐτὰ τῷ ζῴῳ, μεγίστῳ πεφυκότι καὶ πολυβορωτάτῳ. πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, ὅσα εὐώδη τρέφει που γῆ τὰ νῦν, ῥιζῶν ἢ χλόης ἢ ξύλων ἢ χυλῶν στακτῶν εἴτε ἀνθῶν ἢ καρπῶν, ἔφερέν τε ταῦτα καὶ ἔτρεφεν εὖ: ἔτι δὲ τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν, τόν τε ξηρόν, ὃς ἡμῖν τῆς τροφῆς ἕνεκά ἐστιν, καὶ ὅσοις χάριν τοῦ σίτου προσχρώμεθα–καλοῦμεν δὲ αὐτοῦ

[115a] “And besides these, whatever fragrant things the earth now produces anywhere—whether of roots or grasses or woods or of juices that drip, whether from flowers or fruits—it bore and nourished well; and further the cultivated fruit, both the dry kind, which serves us for nourishment, and those things which we use in addition to food—”

[115b] τὰ μέρη σύμπαντα ὄσπρια–καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος, πώματα καὶ βρώματα καὶ ἀλείμματα φέρων, παιδιᾶς τε ὃς ἕνεκα ἡδονῆς τε γέγονε δυσθησαύριστος ἀκροδρύων καρπός, ὅσα τε παραμύθια πλησμονῆς μεταδόρπια ἀγαπητὰ κάμνοντι τίθεμεν, ἅπαντα ταῦτα ἡ τότε [ποτὲ] οὖσα ὑφ’ ἡλίῳ νῆσος ἱερὰ καλά τε καὶ θαυμαστὰ καὶ πλήθεσιν ἄπειρ’ ἔφερεν. ταῦτα οὖν λαμβάνοντες πάντα παρὰ τῆς γῆς κατεσκευάζοντο τά τε

[115b] “all kinds of pulse—and whatever comes from trees, bearing drink and food and unguents, and the fruit of trees for play and pleasure, hard to store, and whatever delicacies we set out as welcome after-dishes to relieve satiety—this island, then, which once existed under the sun, sacred, brought forth all these things, beautiful and wondrous and in limitless abundance. Taking all these things from the earth, they constructed”

[115c] ἱερὰ καὶ τὰς βασιλικὰς οἰκήσεις καὶ τοὺς λιμένας καὶ τὰ νεώρια καὶ σύμπασαν τὴν ἄλλην χώραν, τοιᾷδ’ ἐν τάξει διακοσμοῦντες. τοὺς τῆς θαλάττης τροχούς, οἳ περὶ τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἦσαν μητρόπολιν, πρῶτον μὲν ἐγεφύρωσαν, ὁδὸν ἔξω καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια ποιούμενοι. τὰ δὲ βασίλεια ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν προγόνων κατοικήσει κατ’ ἀρχὰς ἐποιήσαντο εὐθύς, ἕτερος δὲ παρ’ ἑτέρου δεχόμενος, κεκοσμημένα κοσμῶν,

[115c] “the temples and the royal dwellings and the harbours and the ship-sheds and all the rest of the land, arranging them in such an order. And the rings of the thalassa, which were around the ancient metropolis, they first bridged, making a road outward and toward the royal residences. And the royal dwellings they established at once from the beginning in that habitation of the god and their ancestors; and each successor receiving it from the former, adorning what had been adorned,”

[115d] ὑπερεβάλλετο εἰς δύναμιν ἀεὶ τὸν ἔμπροσθεν, ἕως εἰς ἔκπληξιν μεγέθεσιν κάλλεσίν τε ἔργων ἰδεῖν τὴν οἴκησιν ἀπηργάσαντο. διώρυχα μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ἀρχόμενοι τρίπλεθρον τὸ πλάτος, ἑκατὸν δὲ ποδῶν βάθος, μῆκος δὲ πεντήκοντα σταδίων, ἐπὶ τὸν ἐξωτάτω τροχὸν συνέτρησαν, καὶ τὸν ἀνάπλουν ἐκ τῆς θαλάττης ταύτῃ πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ὡς εἰς λιμένα ἐποιήσαντο, διελόντες στόμα ναυσὶν ταῖς μεγίσταις ἱκανὸν εἰσπλεῖν. καὶ δὴ καὶ τοὺς τῆς γῆς τροχούς, οἳ τοὺς

[115d] “surpassed his predecessor ever in power, until they had wrought the residence to be a marvel to behold in its size and beauty of works. For, beginning from the thalassa, they cut a canal—three plethra in width, one hundred feet in depth, and fifty stadia in length—through to the outermost ring, and they made the approach from the thalassa by this route toward that ring as into a harbour, having opened a mouth sufficient for the largest ships to sail in. And further, the rings of land, which separated those of the thalassa,”

[115e] τῆς θαλάττης διεῖργον, κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας διεῖλον ὅσον μιᾷ τριήρει διέκπλουν εἰς ἀλλήλους, καὶ κατεστέγασαν ἄνωθεν ὥστε τὸν ὑπόπλουν κάτωθεν εἶναι: τὰ γὰρ τῶν τῆς γῆς τροχῶν χείλη βάθος εἶχεν ἱκανὸν ὑπερέχον τῆς θαλάττης. ἦν δὲ ὁ μὲν μέγιστος τῶν τροχῶν, εἰς ὃν ἡ θάλαττα συνετέτρητο, τριστάδιος τὸ πλάτος, ὁ δ’ ἑξῆς τῆς γῆς ἴσος ἐκείνῳ: τοῖν δὲ δευτέροιν ὁ μὲν ὑγρὸς δυοῖν σταδίοιν πλάτος, ὁ δὲ ξηρὸς ἴσος αὖ πάλιν τῷ πρόσθεν ὑγρῷ: σταδίου δὲ ὁ

[115e] “they cut through at the bridges so far as to allow a single trireme to pass from one to another, and they roofed them over above so that the passage for ships was beneath; for the edges of the land rings had sufficient height above the thalassa. And the greatest of the rings, into which the thalassa had been cut, was three stadia in width; and the next ring of land was equal to it; and of the second pair, the water ring was two stadia in width, and the dry ring again equal to the preceding water; and that of one stadion”

[116a] περὶ αὐτὴν τὴν ἐν μέσῳ νῆσον περιθέων. ἡ δὲ νῆσος, ἐν ᾗ τὰ βασίλεια ἦν, πέντε σταδίων τὴν διάμετρον εἶχεν. ταύτην δὴ κύκλῳ καὶ τοὺς τροχοὺς καὶ τὴν γέφυραν πλεθριαίαν τὸ πλάτος οὖσαν ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν λιθίνῳ περιεβάλλοντο τείχει, πύργους καὶ πύλας ἐπὶ τῶν γεφυρῶν κατὰ τὰς τῆς θαλάττης διαβάσεις ἑκασταχόσε ἐπιστήσαντες: τὸν δὲ λίθον ἔτεμνον ὑπὸ τῆς νήσου κύκλῳ τῆς ἐν μέσῳ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν τροχῶν ἔξωθεν καὶ ἐντός, τὸν μὲν λευκόν, τὸν δὲ μέλανα,

[116a] “running around the central island. And the island, in which the royal buildings were, had a diameter of five stadia. This island, and the rings, and the bridge—being a plethrum in width—they enclosed on both sides with stone wall(s)*, placing towers and gates on the bridges at the passages of the thalassa, setting them up everywhere. And they cut the stone from beneath the central island in a circle, and from beneath the rings, both outside and inside, one kind white and another black.”

* τείχει (dative singular for wall) can function generically as plural, therefore this passage read either as “a wall” or “walls”.

[116b] τὸν δὲ ἐρυθρὸν ὄντα, τέμνοντες δὲ ἅμ’ ἠργάζοντο νεωσοίκους κοίλους διπλοῦς ἐντός, κατηρεφεῖς αὐτῇ τῇ πέτρᾳ. καὶ τῶν οἰκοδομημάτων τὰ μὲν ἁπλᾶ, τὰ δὲ μειγνύντες τοὺς λίθους ποικίλα ὕφαινον παιδιᾶς χάριν, ἡδονὴν αὐτοῖς σύμφυτον ἀπονέμοντες: καὶ τοῦ μὲν περὶ τὸν ἐξωτάτω τροχὸν τείχους χαλκῷ περιελάμβανον πάντα τὸν περίδρομον, οἷον ἀλοιφῇ προσχρώμενοι, τοῦ δ’ ἐντὸς καττιτέρῳ περιέτηκον, τὸν δὲ

[116b] “And the red stone—while cutting it, they at the same time worked hollow double dock-sheds within, roofed over with the very rock itself. And of the buildings, some were simple, while others, by mixing the stones, they made variegated for the sake of ornament, giving them a natural delight. And the wall around the outermost ring they encased over its entire circuit with bronze, as if applying a coating; and the one inside they overlaid with tin, and the (third)”

[116c] περὶ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ὀρειχάλκῳ μαρμαρυγὰς ἔχοντι πυρώδεις. τὰ δὲ δὴ τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἐντὸς βασίλεια κατεσκευασμένα ὧδ’ ἦν. ἐν μέσῳ μὲν ἱερὸν ἅγιον αὐτόθι τῆς τε Κλειτοῦς καὶ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἄβατον ἀφεῖτο, περιβόλῳ χρυσῷ περιβεβλημένον, τοῦτ’ ἐν ᾧ κατ’ ἀρχὰς ἐφίτυσαν καὶ ἐγέννησαν τὸ τῶν δέκα βασιλειδῶν γένος: ἔνθα καὶ κατ’ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκ πασῶν τῶν δέκα λήξεων ὡραῖα αὐτόσε ἀπετέλουν ἱερὰ ἐκείνων ἑκάστῳ. τοῦ δὲ Ποσειδῶνος αὐτοῦ νεὼς ἦν, σταδίου

[116c] “Around the acropolis itself there flashed fiery gleams from orichalcum.

And the royal buildings within the acropolis had been constructed as follows. In the centre there was left a sacred precinct, set apart there for both Cleito and Poseidon, forbidden to access, enclosed by a golden boundary—this being the very place where at the beginning they had begotten and brought forth the race of the ten royal lineages. There also, each year, from all the ten divisions they would bring seasonal offerings there for each of those ancestors.

And there was a temple of Poseidon himself, of a stadion”

[116d] μὲν μῆκος, εὖρος δὲ τρίπλεθρος, ὕψος δ’ ἐπὶ τούτοις σύμμετρον ἰδεῖν, εἶδος δέ τι βαρβαρικὸν ἔχοντος. πάντα δὲ ἔξωθεν περιήλειψαν τὸν νεὼν ἀργύρῳ, πλὴν τῶν ἀκρωτηρίων, τὰ δὲ ἀκρωτήρια χρυσῷ: τὰ δ’ ἐντός, τὴν μὲν ὀροφὴν ἐλεφαντίνην ἰδεῖν πᾶσαν χρυσῷ καὶ ἀργύρῳ καὶ ὀρειχάλκῳ πεποικιλμένην, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα πάντα τῶν τοίχων τε καὶ κιόνων καὶ ἐδάφους ὀρειχάλκῳ περιέλαβον. χρυσᾶ δὲ ἀγάλματα ἐνέστησαν, τὸν μὲν θεὸν ἐφ’ ἅρματος ἑστῶτα ἓξ ὑποπτέρων

[116d] “in length, and in width three plethra, and in height proportionate to these to behold; and it had a certain barbaric appearance.

And they overlaid the whole temple on the outside with silver, except for the finials; and the finials they covered with gold. And within, they made the ceiling entirely of ivory to behold, inlaid with gold and silver and orichalcum; and all the rest—the walls and the columns and the floor—they lined with orichalcum.

And they set up golden statues: the god standing upon a chariot, as charioteer of six winged horses”

[116e] ἵππων ἡνίοχον, αὐτόν τε ὑπὸ μεγέθους τῇ κορυφῇ τῆς ὀροφῆς ἐφαπτόμενον, Νηρῇδας δὲ ἐπὶ δελφίνων ἑκατὸν κύκλῳ– τοσαύτας γὰρ ἐνόμιζον αὐτὰς οἱ τότε εἶναι–πολλὰ δ’ ἐντὸς ἄλλα ἀγάλματα ἰδιωτῶν ἀναθήματα ἐνῆν. περὶ δὲ τὸν νεὼν ἔξωθεν εἰκόνες ἁπάντων ἕστασαν ἐκ χρυσοῦ, τῶν γυναικῶν καὶ αὐτῶν ὅσοι τῶν δέκα ἐγεγόνεσαν βασιλέων, καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα ἀναθήματα μεγάλα τῶν τε βασιλέων καὶ ἰδιωτῶν ἐξ αὐτῆς τε τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ὅσων ἐπῆρχον. Βωμός

[116e] “and he himself, by reason of his size, touching with his head the top of the roof; and around him a hundred Nereids upon dolphins—for so many they supposed them to be at that time—and many other statues within, votive offerings of private individuals, were present.

And around the temple on the outside stood images of all those who had been born of the ten kings, both of the women and the men, made of gold; and many other great offerings, both of the kings and of private individuals, from the city itself and from all those over whom they held rule.

And an altar”

[117a] τε δὴ συνεπόμενος ἦν τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὸ τῆς ἐργασίας ταύτῃ τῇ κατασκευῇ, καὶ τὰ βασίλεια κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ πρέποντα μὲν τῷ τῆς ἀρχῆς μεγέθει, πρέποντα δὲ τῷ περὶ τὰ ἱερὰ κόσμῳ. ταῖς δὲ δὴ κρήναις, τῇ τοῦ ψυχροῦ καὶ τῇ τοῦ θερμοῦ νάματος, πλῆθος μὲν ἄφθονον ἐχούσαις, ἡδονῇ δὲ καὶ ἀρετῇ τῶν ὑδάτων πρὸς ἑκατέρου τὴν χρῆσιν θαυμαστοῦ πεφυκότος, ἐχρῶντο περιστήσαντες οἰκοδομήσεις καὶ δένδρων φυτεύσεις πρεπούσας [117b] ὕδασι, δεξαμενάς τε αὖ τὰς μὲν ὑπαιθρίους, τὰς δὲ χειμερινὰς τοῖς θερμοῖς λουτροῖς ὑποστέγους περιτιθέντες, χωρὶς μὲν βασιλικάς, χωρὶς δὲ ἰδιωτικάς, ἔτι δὲ γυναιξὶν ἄλλας καὶ ἑτέρας ἵπποις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ὑποζυγίοις, τὸ πρόσφορον τῆς κοσμήσεως ἑκάστοις ἀπονέμοντες. τὸ δὲ ἀπορρέον ἦγον ἐπὶ τὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἄλσος, δένδρα παντοδαπὰ κάλλος ὕψος τε δαιμόνιον ὑπ’ ἀρετῆς τῆς γῆς ἔχοντα, καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἔξω κύκλους δι’ ὀχετῶν κατὰ τὰς γεφύρας

[117a–b] “And corresponding to this construction there followed both the magnitude and the workmanship; and the royal buildings likewise were in the same manner—fitting both to the greatness of the rule and to the adornment around the sacred things.

And as for the springs—of cold water and of hot—having an abundant supply, and possessing a wondrous natural quality of the waters, both in pleasure and in usefulness for each purpose, they made use of them by surrounding them with buildings and plantings of trees suited to the waters.

And they also set basins around them—some open to the air, others roofed over for winter use for the hot baths—separately royal ones, and separately those for private individuals, and further others for women, and others again for horses and the other beasts of burden, assigning to each what was appropriate in its arrangement.

And the outflowing water they led to the grove of Poseidon, where there were trees of every kind, of marvellous beauty and height owing to the excellence of the soil; and also to the outer rings, through channels along the bridges”

[117c] ἐπωχέτευον: οὗ δὴ πολλὰ μὲν ἱερὰ καὶ πολλῶν θεῶν, πολλοὶ δὲ κῆποι καὶ πολλὰ γυμνάσια ἐκεχειρούργητο, τὰ μὲν ἀνδρῶν, τὰ δὲ ἵππων χωρὶς ἐν ἑκατέρᾳ τῇ τῶν τροχῶν νήσῳ, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ κατὰ μέσην τὴν μείζω τῶν νήσων ἐξῃρημένος ἱππόδρομος ἦν αὐτοῖς, σταδίου τὸ πλάτος ἔχων, τὸ δὲ μῆκος περὶ τὸν κύκλον ὅλον ἀφεῖτο εἰς ἅμιλλαν τοῖς ἵπποις. δορυφορικαὶ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ἔνθεν τε καὶ ἔνθεν οἰκήσεις ἦσαν

[117c] “They had constructed there many temples of many gods, and many gardens and many gymnasia—some for men and some for horses—separately on each of the islands of the rings. And, among the other features, on the largest of the islands, set apart in the middle, there was for them a racecourse, having a width of a stadion, and in length it was left to run around the entire circuit for competition by the horses. And around it, on both sides, were dwellings for the bodyguard.”

[117d] τῷ πλήθει τῶν δορυφόρων: τοῖς δὲ πιστοτέροις ἐν τῷ μικροτέρῳ τροχῷ καὶ πρὸς τῆς ἀκροπόλεως μᾶλλον ὄντι διετέτακτο ἡ φρουρά, τοῖς δὲ πάντων διαφέρουσιν πρὸς πίστιν ἐντὸς τῆς ἀκροπόλεως περὶ τοὺς βασιλέας αὐτοὺς ἦσαν οἰκήσεις δεδομέναι. τὰ δὲ νεώρια τριήρων μεστὰ ἦν καὶ σκευῶν ὅσα τριήρεσιν προσήκει, πάντα δὲ ἐξηρτυμένα ἱκανῶς. καὶ τὰ μὲν δὴ περὶ τὴν τῶν βασιλέων οἴκησιν οὕτω κατεσκεύαστο: διαβάντι δὲ τοὺς λιμένας ἔξω τρεῖς ὄντας ἀρξάμενον ἀπὸ

[117d] “For the greater number of the guards there were quarters around it; but for the more trusted, the guard-post had been assigned in the smaller ring, nearer to the acropolis; and for those who excelled all in trustworthiness, dwellings had been given within the acropolis itself, around the kings. And the ship-sheds were full of triremes and of all equipment belonging to triremes, all suitably fitted out. And the arrangements concerning the dwelling of the kings had been constructed in this way: and when one had passed across the harbours—there being three outside—beginning from”

[117e] τῆς θαλάττης ᾔειν ἐν κύκλῳ τεῖχος, πεντήκοντα σταδίους τοῦ μεγίστου τροχοῦ τε καὶ λιμένος ἀπέχον πανταχῇ, καὶ συνέκλειεν εἰς ταὐτὸν πρὸς τὸ τῆς διώρυχος στόμα τὸ πρὸς θαλάττης. τοῦτο δὴ πᾶν συνῳκεῖτο μὲν ὑπὸ πολλῶν καὶ πυκνῶν οἰκήσεων, ὁ δὲ ἀνάπλους καὶ ὁ μέγιστος λιμὴν ἔγεμεν πλοίων καὶ ἐμπόρων ἀφικνουμένων πάντοθεν, φωνὴν καὶ θόρυβον παντοδαπὸν κτύπον τε μεθ’ ἡμέραν καὶ διὰ νυκτὸς ὑπὸ πλήθους παρεχομένων. τὸ μὲν οὖν ἄστυ καὶ τὸ περὶ τὴν ἀρχαίαν οἴκησιν σχεδὸν ὡς τότ’ ἐλέχθη νῦν διεμνημόνευται: τῆς δ’ ἄλλης χώρας

[117e] “Around it, a wall ran in a circle from the thalassa, everywhere at a distance of fifty stadia from the greatest ring and the harbour, and it enclosed all together, meeting at the mouth of the canal on the side toward the thalassa.

And this whole area was inhabited by many and densely packed dwellings; and the channel of approach and the greatest harbour were full of ships and merchants arriving from all quarters, producing every kind of sound and noise and din, both by day and throughout the night, from the multitude.

Thus, then, the city and the region around the ancient dwelling have now been recalled more or less as they were described at that time; and concerning the rest of the country”

[118a] ὡς ἡ φύσις εἶχεν καὶ τὸ τῆς διακοσμήσεως εἶδος, ἀπομνημονεῦσαι πειρατέον. πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὁ τόπος ἅπας ἐλέγετο σφόδρα τε ὑψηλὸς καὶ ἀπότομος ἐκ θαλάττης, τὸ δὲ περὶ τὴν πόλιν πᾶν πεδίον, ἐκείνην μὲν περιέχον, αὐτὸ δὲ κύκλῳ περιεχόμενον ὄρεσιν μέχρι πρὸς τὴν θάλατταν καθειμένοις, λεῖον καὶ ὁμαλές, πρόμηκες δὲ πᾶν, ἐπὶ μὲν θάτερα τρισχιλίων σταδίων, κατὰ δὲ μέσον ἀπὸ θαλάττης ἄνω δισχιλίων.

[118a] “how its nature was and the arrangement of its ordering must be attempted to be described.

First of all, then, the whole region was said to be very high and steep from the thalassa; but all the land around the city was a plain—surrounding the city, and itself encircled in turn by mountains extending down toward the thalassa—smooth and level, and altogether oblong in shape, extending in one direction three thousand stadia, and from the thalassa inland at the centre two thousand.”

[118b] ὁ δὲ τόπος οὗτος ὅλης τῆς νήσου πρὸς νότον ἐτέτραπτο, ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων κατάβορρος. τὰ δὲ περὶ αὐτὸν ὄρη τότε ὑμνεῖτο πλῆθος καὶ μέγεθος καὶ κάλλος παρὰ πάντα τὰ νῦν ὄντα γεγονέναι, πολλὰς μὲν κώμας καὶ πλουσίας περιοίκων ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἔχοντα, ποταμοὺς δὲ καὶ λίμνας καὶ λειμῶνας τροφὴν τοῖς πᾶσιν ἡμέροις καὶ ἀγρίοις ἱκανὴν θρέμμασιν, ὕλην δὲ καὶ πλήθει καὶ γένεσι ποικίλην σύμπασίν τε τοῖς ἔργοις καὶ πρὸς ἕκαστα ἄφθονον. ὧδε οὖν τὸ πεδίον φύσει

“This region of the whole island was turned toward the south, and sheltered from the north. And the mountains around it were then celebrated as surpassing all those that now exist in number and size and beauty, containing within themselves many villages, rich with inhabitants, and rivers and lakes and meadows providing sufficient nourishment for all kinds of domesticated and wild animals, and timber in abundance and of varied kinds, sufficient for all works and for every use. Thus, then, the plain by nature.”

[118c] καὶ ὑπὸ βασιλέων πολλῶν ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ διεπεπόνητο. τετράγωνον μὲν αὔθ’ ὑπῆρχεν τὰ πλεῖστ’ ὀρθὸν καὶ πρόμηκες, ὅτι δὲ ἐνέλειπε, κατηύθυντο τάφρου κύκλῳ περιορυχθείσης: τὸ δὲ βάθος καὶ πλάτος τό τε μῆκος αὐτῆς ἄπιστον μὲν λεχθέν, ὡς χειροποίητον ἔργον, πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις διαπονήμασι τοσοῦτον εἶναι, ῥητέον δὲ ὅ γε ἠκούσαμεν: πλέθρου μὲν γὰρ βάθος ὀρώρυκτο, τὸ δὲ πλάτος ἁπάντῃ σταδίου,

“and by the labour of many kings over a long time had been worked. It was for the most part rectangular and straight and oblong; and where it fell short, it was made regular by a ditch dug around in a circuit. And the depth and width and length of it are hard to believe when described, that a work made by hand could be so great in addition to the other labours; yet what we have heard must be told: for it had been dug to a depth of a plethron, and the width everywhere was a stadion,”

[118d] περὶ δὲ πᾶν τὸ πεδίον ὀρυχθεῖσα συνέβαινεν εἶναι τὸ μῆκος σταδίων μυρίων. τὰ δ’ ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν καταβαίνοντα ὑποδεχομένη ῥεύματα καὶ περὶ τὸ πεδίον κυκλωθεῖσα, πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἔνθεν τε καὶ ἔνθεν ἀφικομένη, ταύτῃ πρὸς θάλατταν μεθεῖτο ἐκρεῖν. ἄνωθεν δὲ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς τὸ πλάτος μάλιστα ἑκατὸν ποδῶν διώρυχες εὐθεῖαι τετμημέναι κατὰ τὸ πεδίον πάλιν εἰς τὴν τάφρον τὴν πρὸς θαλάττης ἀφεῖντο, ἑτέρα δὲ ἀφ’ ἑτέρας αὐτῶν σταδίους ἑκατὸν ἀπεῖχεν: ᾗ δὴ τήν

“and having been dug around the whole plain, its total length came to ten thousand stadia. Receiving the streams that flowed down from the mountains, and having encircled the plain, and reaching the city from both sides, it was let out to flow toward the thalassa. And from it, on the upper side, straight channels were cut across the plain, most of them a hundred feet in width, leading back again into the ditch toward the thalassa, each being at a distance of one hundred stadia from the next; by these means”

[118e] τε ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν ὕλην κατῆγον εἰς τὸ ἄστυ καὶ τἆλλα δὲ ὡραῖα πλοίοις κατεκομίζοντο, διάπλους ἐκ τῶν διωρύχων εἰς ἀλλήλας τε πλαγίας καὶ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν τεμόντες. καὶ δὶς δὴ τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ τὴν γῆν ἐκαρποῦντο, χειμῶνος μὲν τοῖς ἐκ Διὸς ὕδασι χρώμενοι, θέρους δὲ ὅσα γῆ φέρει τὰ ἐκ τῶν διωρύχων ἐπάγοντες νάματα. πλῆθος δέ, τῶν μὲν ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ χρησίμων πρὸς πόλεμον ἀνδρῶν ἐτέτακτο τὸν

“and they brought down timber from the mountains to the city, and the other seasonal produce was conveyed by ships, having cut passages from the canals into one another, both laterally and toward the city. And twice in the year they gathered crops from the land, making use in winter of the waters from Zeus, and in summer bringing in what the earth produces by means of the streams from the canals. And as for the multitude of men in the plain who were fit for war, it had been assigned”

[119a] κλῆρον ἕκαστον παρέχειν ἄνδρα ἡγεμόνα, τὸ δὲ τοῦ κλήρου μέγεθος εἰς δέκα δεκάκις ἦν στάδια, μυριάδες δὲ συμπάντων τῶν κλήρων ἦσαν ἕξ: τῶν δ’ ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν καὶ τῆς ἄλλης χώρας ἀπέραντος μὲν ἀριθμὸς ἀνθρώπων ἐλέγετο, κατὰ δὲ τόπους καὶ κώμας εἰς τούτους τοὺς κλήρους πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμόνας ἅπαντες διενενέμηντο. τὸν οὖν ἡγεμόνα ἦν τεταγμένον εἰς τὸν πόλεμον παρέχειν ἕκτον μὲν ἅρματος πολεμιστηρίου μόριον εἰς μύρια ἅρματα, ἵππους δὲ δύο καὶ

[119a] “Each allotment was to furnish one man as leader; and the size of the allotment was ten times ten stadia; and the total number of all the allotments was sixty thousand. And of those from the mountains and from the rest of the country, an unlimited number of people was said to exist; but according to places and villages, all had been distributed among these allotments to the leaders.

The leader, then, had been assigned, for the purposes of war, to provide one-sixth part of a war chariot toward ten thousand chariots, and two horse”

[119b] ἀναβάτας, ἔτι δὲ συνωρίδα χωρὶς δίφρου καταβάτην τε μικράσπιδα καὶ τὸν ἀμφοῖν μετ’ ἐπιβάτην τοῖν ἵπποιν ἡνίοχον ἔχουσαν, ὁπλίτας δὲ δύο καὶ τοξότας σφενδονήτας τε ἑκατέρους δύο, γυμνῆτας δὲ λιθοβόλους καὶ ἀκοντιστὰς τρεῖς ἑκατέρους, ναύτας δὲ τέτταρας εἰς πλήρωμα διακοσίων καὶ χιλίων νεῶν. τὰ μὲν οὖν πολεμιστήρια οὕτω διετέτακτο τῆς βασιλικῆς πόλεως, τῶν δὲ ἐννέα ἄλλα ἄλλως, ἃ μακρὸς ἂν χρόνος εἴη λέγειν.

[119b] “riders; and further a pair of horses with a chariotless runner beside them, carrying a small shield, and a charioteer for the two horses with an attendant; and two hoplites, and two archers and two slingers for each, and three light-armed stone-throwers and javelin-men for each; and four sailors to make up a crew of twelve hundred ships. Thus, then, the military forces of the royal city had been arranged; but those of the other nine were arranged differently, which it would take a long time to describe.”

[119c] τὰ δὲ τῶν ἀρχῶν καὶ τιμῶν ὧδ’ εἶχεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς διακοσμηθέντα. τῶν δέκα βασιλέων εἷς ἕκαστος ἐν μὲν τῷ καθ’ αὑτὸν μέρει κατὰ τὴν αὑτοῦ πόλιν τῶν ἀνδρῶν καὶ τῶν πλείστων νόμων ἦρχεν, κολάζων καὶ ἀποκτεινὺς ὅντιν’ ἐθελήσειεν: ἡ δὲ ἐν ἀλλήλοις ἀρχὴ καὶ κοινωνία κατὰ ἐπιστολὰς ἦν τὰς τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, ὡς ὁ νόμος αὐτοῖς παρέδωκεν καὶ γράμματα ὑπὸ τῶν πρώτων ἐν στήλῃ γεγραμμένα

[119c] “And the arrangements concerning offices and honours had been ordered from the beginning as follows. Of the ten kings, each ruled in his own portion and in his own city over the people and over most of the laws, punishing and putting to death whomever he wished; but their rule and association with one another was according to the ordinances of Poseidon, as the law had been handed down to them and the inscriptions written by the first kings on a pillar”

[119d] ὀρειχαλκίνῃ, ἣ κατὰ μέσην τὴν νῆσον ἔκειτ’ ἐν ἱερῷ Ποσειδῶνος, οἷ δὴ δι’ ἐνιαυτοῦ πέμπτου, τοτὲ δὲ ἐναλλὰξ ἕκτου, συνελέγοντο, τῷ τε ἀρτίῳ καὶ τῷ περιττῷ μέρος ἴσον ἀπονέμοντες, συλλεγόμενοι δὲ περί τε τῶν κοινῶν ἐβουλεύοντο καὶ ἐξήταζον εἴ τίς τι παραβαίνοι, καὶ ἐδίκαζον. ὅτε δὲ δικάζειν μέλλοιεν, πίστεις ἀλλήλοις τοιάσδε ἐδίδοσαν πρότερον. ἀφέτων ὄντων ταύρων ἐν τῷ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἱερῷ, μόνοι γιγνόμενοι δέκα ὄντες, ἐπευξάμενοι τῷ θεῷ τὸ κεχαρισμένον

[119d] “of orichalcum, which stood in the middle of the island in the sanctuary of Poseidon. There they assembled every fifth year, and alternately every sixth, giving equal honour to the even and the odd, and when assembled they deliberated about common affairs and inquired whether anyone had transgressed, and they judged. And when they were about to judge, they first gave pledges to one another as follows. When bulls had been set loose in the sanctuary of Poseidon, and the ten being left alone, after praying to the god for what was pleasing to him”

[119e] αὐτῷ θῦμα ἑλεῖν, ἄνευ σιδήρου ξύλοις καὶ βρόχοις ἐθήρευον, ὃν δὲ ἕλοιεν τῶν ταύρων, πρὸς τὴν στήλην προσαγαγόντες κατὰ κορυφὴν αὐτῆς ἔσφαττον κατὰ τῶν γραμμάτων. ἐν δὲ τῇ στήλῃ πρὸς τοῖς νόμοις ὅρκος ἦν μεγάλας ἀρὰς ἐπευχόμενος τοῖς ἀπειθοῦσιν. ὅτ’ οὖν κατὰ τοὺς

[119e]“to take for himself a victim pleasing to him, they hunted with wooden weapons and nooses, without iron; and whichever of the bulls they caught, they brought it to the pillar and slaughtered it upon the top of it over the inscriptions. And on the pillar, besides the laws, there was an oath invoking great curses upon those who disobeyed.”

[120a] αὑτῶν νόμους θύσαντες καθαγίζοιεν πάντα τοῦ ταύρου τὰ μέλη, κρατῆρα κεράσαντες ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου θρόμβον ἐνέβαλλον αἵματος, τὸ δ’ ἄλλ’ εἰς τὸ πῦρ ἔφερον, περικαθήραντες τὴν στήλην: μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο χρυσαῖς φιάλαις ἐκ τοῦ κρατῆρος ἀρυτόμενοι, κατὰ τοῦ πυρὸς σπένδοντες ἐπώμνυσαν δικάσειν τε κατὰ τοὺς ἐν τῇ στήλῃ νόμους καὶ κολάσειν εἴ τίς τι πρότερον παραβεβηκὼς εἴη, τό τε αὖ μετὰ τοῦτο μηδὲν τῶν γραμμάτων ἑκόντες παραβήσεσθαι, μηδὲ ἄρξειν μηδὲ ἄρχοντι

[120a] “When, therefore, in accordance with their laws, they had sacrificed and consecrated all the limbs of the bull, having mixed a bowl, they cast in for each a clot of blood, and the rest they carried to the fire, after purifying the pillar; and after this, drawing from the bowl with golden cups and pouring libations over the fire, they swore to judge according to the laws written on the pillar and to punish anyone who had previously transgressed, and thereafter not to transgress any of the inscriptions willingly, nor to rule nor to obey any ruler”

[120b] πείσεσθαι πλὴν κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπιτάττοντι νόμους. ταῦτα ἐπευξάμενος ἕκαστος αὐτῶν αὑτῷ καὶ τῷ ἀφ’ αὑτοῦ γένει, πιὼν καὶ ἀναθεὶς τὴν φιάλην εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, περὶ τὸ δεῖπνον καὶ τἀναγκαῖα διατρίψας, ἐπειδὴ γίγνοιτο σκότος καὶ τὸ πῦρ ἐψυγμένον τὸ περὶ τὰ θύματα εἴη, πάντες οὕτως ἐνδύντες ὅτι καλλίστην κυανῆν στολήν, ἐπὶ τὰ τῶν ὁρκωμοσίων καύματα χαμαὶ καθίζοντες, νύκτωρ,

[120b] “except in accordance with the laws laid down by their father. Having invoked these things, each for himself and for his descendants, and having drunk and dedicated the cup in the sanctuary of the god, and having spent time over the meal and the necessary matters, when darkness came and the fire around the sacrifices had grown cold, all thus clothed in most beautiful dark-blue garments, sitting on the ground by the embers of the oaths, at night”

[120c] πᾶν τὸ περὶ τὸ ἱερὸν ἀποσβεννύντες πῦρ, ἐδικάζοντό τε καὶ ἐδίκαζον εἴ τίς τι παραβαίνειν αὐτῶν αἰτιῷτό τινα: δικάσαντες δέ, τὰ δικασθέντα, ἐπειδὴ φῶς γένοιτο, ἐν χρυσῷ πίνακι γράψαντες μετὰ τῶν στολῶν μνημεῖα ἀνετίθεσαν. νόμοι δὲ πολλοὶ μὲν ἄλλοι περὶ τὰ γέρα τῶν βασιλέων ἑκάστων ἦσαν ἴδιοι, τὰ δὲ μέγιστα, μήτε ποτὲ ὅπλα ἐπ’ ἀλλήλους οἴσειν βοηθήσειν τε πάντας, ἄν πού τις αὐτῶν ἔν τινι πόλει τὸ βασιλικὸν καταλύειν ἐπιχειρῇ γένος, κοινῇ

[120c] “extinguishing all the fire around the sanctuary, they both judged and gave judgment if anyone accused someone of transgressing; and having judged, when daylight came, they wrote what had been decided on a golden tablet and dedicated it, together with their garments, as memorials. And there were many other laws peculiar to each king concerning their prerogatives; but the greatest were these: never to bear arms against one another, and to come to the aid of all if any should attempt in any city to overthrow the royal lineage; and in common,”

[120d] δέ, καθάπερ οἱ πρόσθεν, βουλευόμενοι τὰ δόξαντα περὶ πολέμου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πράξεων, ἡγεμονίαν ἀποδιδόντες τῷ Ἀτλαντικῷ γένει. θανάτου δὲ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν συγγενῶν μηδενὸς εἶναι κύριον, ὃν ἂν μὴ τῶν δέκα τοῖς ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ δοκῇ. ταύτην δὴ τοσαύτην καὶ τοιαύτην δύναμιν ἐν ἐκείνοις τότε οὖσαν τοῖς τόποις ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ τούσδε αὖ τοὺς τόπους συντάξας ἐκόμισεν ἔκ τινος τοιᾶσδε, ὡς λόγος, προφάσεως.

[120d] “as their predecessors, deliberating on what seemed best concerning war and other matters, assigning leadership to the Atlantean line. And no king had authority over the life of any of his kin unless it seemed good to more than half of the ten. And such great and of such a kind was the power that then existed in those regions, which the god marshalled and brought against these regions from some such cause, as the account says.”

[120e] ἐπὶ πολλὰς μὲν γενεάς, μέχριπερ ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ φύσις αὐτοῖς ἐξήρκει, κατήκοοί τε ἦσαν τῶν νόμων καὶ πρὸς τὸ συγγενὲς θεῖον φιλοφρόνως εἶχον: τὰ γὰρ φρονήματα ἀληθινὰ καὶ πάντῃ μεγάλα ἐκέκτηντο, πρᾳότητι μετὰ φρονήσεως πρός τε τὰς ἀεὶ συμβαινούσας τύχας καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους χρώμενοι, διὸ πλὴν ἀρετῆς πάντα ὑπερορῶντες μικρὰ ἡγοῦντο

[120e] “For many generations, so long as the nature of the god sufficed in them, they were obedient to the laws and well-disposed toward the divine kinship; for they possessed true and in every way great thoughts, using gentleness together with wisdom both toward the circumstances that continually befell them and toward one another; wherefore, holding everything except virtue in low esteem, they regarded”

[121a] τὰ παρόντα καὶ ῥᾳδίως ἔφερον οἷον ἄχθος τὸν τοῦ χρυσοῦ τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων κτημάτων ὄγκον, ἀλλ’ οὐ μεθύοντες ὑπὸ τρυφῆς διὰ πλοῦτον ἀκράτορες αὑτῶν ὄντες ἐσφάλλοντο, νήφοντες δὲ ὀξὺ καθεώρων ὅτι καὶ ταῦτα πάντα ἐκ φιλίας τῆς κοινῆς μετ’ ἀρετῆς αὐξάνεται, τῇ δὲ τούτων σπουδῇ καὶ τιμῇ φθίνει ταῦτά τε αὐτὰ κἀκείνη συναπόλλυται τούτοις. ἐκ δὴ λογισμοῦ τε τοιούτου καὶ φύσεως θείας παραμενούσης πάντ’ αὐτοῖς ηὐξήθη ἃ πρὶν διήλθομεν. ἐπεὶ δ’ ἡ τοῦ θεοῦ μὲν μοῖρα ἐξίτηλος ἐγίγνετο ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλῷ τῷ θνητῷ καὶ

[121a] “the things present, and they bore lightly, as a burden, the mass of gold and of their other possessions; and not becoming intoxicated with luxury through wealth, nor losing control of themselves, they did not stumble, but being sober they perceived clearly that all these things grow from their common friendship together with virtue, and that through zeal for these and their honour both these possessions themselves diminish and that friendship perishes along with them. From such reasoning and while the divine nature remained among them, all the things previously described increased for them. But when the portion of the god within them began to fade, being much diluted by the mortal element and”

[121b] πολλάκις ἀνακεραννυμένη, τὸ δὲ ἀνθρώπινον ἦθος ἐπεκράτει, τότε ἤδη τὰ παρόντα φέρειν ἀδυνατοῦντες ἠσχημόνουν, καὶ τῷ δυναμένῳ μὲν ὁρᾶν αἰσχροὶ κατεφαίνοντο, τὰ κάλλιστα ἀπὸ τῶν τιμιωτάτων ἀπολλύντες, τοῖς δὲ ἀδυνατοῦσιν ἀληθινὸν πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν βίον ὁρᾶν τότε δὴ μάλιστα πάγκαλοι μακάριοί τε ἐδοξάζοντο εἶναι, πλεονεξίας ἀδίκου καὶ δυνάμεως ἐμπιμπλάμενοι. θεὸς δὲ ὁ θεῶν Ζεὺς ἐν νόμοις βασιλεύων, ἅτε δυνάμενος καθορᾶν τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἐννοήσας γένος ἐπιεικὲς ἀθλίως διατιθέμενον, δίκην αὐτοῖς

[121b] “often mingled with it, and the human character came to prevail, then already, being unable to bear what they possessed, they behaved unseemly, and to one able to see they appeared shameful, losing the noblest things from the most honourable; but to those unable to perceive a life truly directed toward happiness, they then seemed especially fair and blessed, being filled with unjust greed and power. And the god of gods, Zeus, who rules according to law, since he was able to perceive such things, and having observed a noble race in a miserable condition, wishing to impose punishment upon them,”

[121c] ἐπιθεῖναι βουληθείς, ἵνα γένοιντο ἐμμελέστεροι σωφρονισθέντες, συνήγειρεν θεοὺς πάντας εἰς τὴν τιμιωτάτην αὐτῶν οἴκησιν, ἣ δὴ κατὰ μέσον παντὸς τοῦ κόσμου βεβηκυῖα καθορᾷ πάντα ὅσα γενέσεως μετείληφεν, καὶ συναγείρας εἶπεν–…

[121c] “so that they might become more orderly and self-controlled through chastisement, gathered together all the gods into their most honoured dwelling, which, standing at the centre of the whole cosmos, looks upon all things that partake of generation; and having assembled them, he said—”